Negative Resistor and More
By Tom Bearden
April 2000
(An email from KeelyNet)
On the point contact transistor: You can tell it's a negative resistor when the output current runs backwards, against the voltage. In short, it gives you more energy than you input.
Your "input" or loss is (simplest case) -Vq when the q flows normally. Your "gain" is (simplest case) Vq when the q flows against the voltage. This should mostly happen when delivering sharp pulses from the point contact to the block of semiconductor material.
Negative resistance is a time-reversal effect. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, time is not an "external river" down which things float. There is in fact a physical interaction that generates the rate of flow of an object through time. More on that shortly.
One of the major problems (I'm working on a paper on this, which will take a year or so to prepare) in physics and particularly in electromagnetics is that they have thoroughly confused causes (prior to interaction with mass or charge) with effects (after interaction with mass or charge).
As one example of hundreds, there is not a single text in the world, which shows an illustration of an EM wave prior to its interaction with mass (charges).
Anytime you label something "E" or "H" (or "B"), you have already brought in that "definition" of a point charge interacting with the thing that came in from spacetime. You are looking at the result of that interaction, and hence the EFFECT, not the cause. This is quite rigorous, but it is not everyone's cup of tea.
So EM theory has horribly confused effects with causes, and USES effects as causes. A truly major effort must be done to ever get it back on logical track and sort out the non-sequiturs. This mess has been growing illogically for well over a century, so correction will require a major scientific effort and major surgery.
And it will also incur the near-total opposition of the entire scientific community, which largely is devoted to maintaining the status quo in electrodynamics. Bluntly, it likely will not be done unless a private wealthy patron is interested in funding the several key theoreticians and about 10 years of work that is required.
Certainly the scientific community will not fund it; to the contrary it will destroy any scientist who dares tamper with revealing the terrible flaws in fundamental foundations.
Anyway, to get a negative resistor, one MUST produce reversed time effects. Not to worry, the positive charges inside the nucleus of the atom are time-reversed anyway. Further, Maxwell omitted half the energy and half the wave (the time-reversed half that is born right along with the time-forward half), plus he also did not separate cause from effect. That is forgivable in Maxwell's time, because (1) there were only about three-dozen electrodynamicists worldwide, and (2) all believed in the ubiquitous material ether.
In other words, they all believed that there was not a single point in the entire universe that was devoid of mass. So they defined the field intensity and potential intensity by referring to a standard test reaction. And it still defines the INTENSITY of field, potential, and wave, but not at all the FIELD, POTENTIAL, and WAVE.
Eerily, those are completely misdefined in all physics and EM books and in all dictionaries of physics.
A few modern electrodynamicists are and have noticed the discrepancies, and are closing in slowly on a solution, inch by inch.
Let me give you two examples of a time-reversal generated ordinary EM action. First, take Newton's third law. In the theory, it does not have a cause at all; it's just a description. So here is the missing time-reversed half of the energy and wave that Maxwell omitted, as did Heaviside, Hertz, Lorentz, and everyone else to the present day.
When you receive an incoming EM wave in a wire antenna, our instruments measure the perturbation of the negative charges in the Drude electron gas, and we call that the "measurement of the wave". It's only half of it. Simultaneously, the same incoming "fields" caused the positive nuclei to interact with equal energy in opposite direction (due to their opposite charge).
Well, unless we wish to completely throw away conservation of energy, that energy had to be input. So it came in with the wave. Every physicist and electrodynamicist will admit the equal energy recoil, highly damped in amplitude because of the great mass-to-charge ratio involved, but then will piously invoke a magic demon who watches the Drude electrons get kicked, and turns and precisely kicks the nuclei accordingly. Needless to say, that is mysticism and not science, but everybody invokes it.
Second, take the common old Lenz law effect. Well, the recoiling nuclei in the wire, e.g., have a lot more mass per charge than the extremely light electrons. So when the electrons are suddenly changed, the nuclei keep rocking along for a bit, and being field-coupled to the electrons, they generate a great ruckus in the Drude gas to keep doing its former thing and ignore the input changes.
Arising from a time-reversed positive nucleus, this is a time-reversal and amplification of the input. So it generates what is called Lenz's law.
Notice that when observation or detection occurs upon LLLT spacetime, a d/dt operator acts to produce LLL. It strips away the time and leaves a purely spatial thing.
You could be moving in negative time and I could be moving in positive time, and sit across the table from each other normally. Except you would seem to speak backwards to me, and me to you! A purely LLL entity doesn't exist or move in time anyway; it's one frozen snapshot taken at one time by zeroing time and examining the spatial "ice" that was there.
The common E-H diagram supposed to be the EM wave in spacetime is just such a "slice" or "frozen spatial snap" in x and y. By integrating a succession of such "frozen x-y snaps" along the z-axis, one has an LLL composite of the various frozen snaps. It DOES NOT represent anything that existed in space before the snapshots/reactions occurred.
Again, it's a set of effects, not a set of causes at all, and it really represents only half the effects, being what one will get in a sort of "Drude" gas of unit positive point charges.
There is another very serious omission from mechanics and electrodynamics, of great importance. Since both time-forward and time-reversed actions always happen (not just the time-forward half retained in mechanics and EM), it means that not only do we have the interaction of delta cause => delta effect, but we also have delta effect => delta cause.
Actually this does appear in general relativity, because Einstein got it in there. In GR, any change in spacetime curvature (a causal side change for the observation process) results in a change upon the interacting mass-energy (the delta effect), and also any change on the effects side (any change in mass-energy) results in a change on the causal side (a change in the curvature of spacetime).
Anyway, to test for negative resistance, do something like the following:
place an experimental point contact on a small junction slab of germanium, where you have completed the experimental "construction" for a point contact transistor.
Then experiment with pulsing the point contact, at different pulse frequencies, rise and decay times, pulse widths, etc. and observe the results.
What you are looking for is a regime where
1. You introduce a known, characterized pulse or pulse train.
2. You observe the current running backwards in the output, against the voltage.
The effects that cause this are optical effects. "Current" as we use the term in electrodynamics is a very crude and gross average.
First, the ENSEMBLE of electrons do not move down the wire very rapidly at all, usually (simple circuit) only a few inches per hour or so. However, even when no net current is moving in the wire, an extraordinary set of dynamics is going on.
Electrons are hopping from atoms into the Drude electron gas, and back, etc. with great rapidity. In the Drude gas, the electrons are thermal and are moving with a huge set of velocities between collisions. There is a distribution of the velocities, of course, and also a distribution of the distance the electrons move before a collision.
Some percentage of electrons are very far away from the "drift velocity" of the average of the ensemble. So INSIDE the normal "current" there is a great dynamics of electron "small currents" ongoing, some at high velocity, some at medium, etc. Some in the direction of the overall average current, some in the other direction.
There is also a continual set of such things going on in the positively charged nuclei. I.e., the nucleons are switching positive charges and changing one into the other, and boiling away and so on, and this too is electromagnetically coupled up into the Drude electron gas, and into that internal dynamic structure INSIDE the "average electron drift" known as "current."
Some of those "internal" dynamics going on inside the "net average current" are at optical frequencies, for example. So just because the "'average" or net ensemble drift is low frequency does not mean that we are dealing JUST WITH THAT INSTRUMENT-MEASURED NET FREQUENCY.
Instead, that frequency is literally "filled" with jillions of internal frequencies, different amplitudes of the same frequency, etc.
All that is going on in spades in semiconductor materials, where you also have to add in the holes, hole currents, internal structuring and dynamics INSIDE the net hole currents, etc.
With germanium you have another marvelous phenomenon. Germanium has the unique capability (with certain kinds of waves it involves) of transducing input transverse disturbances into longitudinal disturbances and vice versa.
The Whittaker 1903 and 1904 papers (referenced a zillion times!) can be applied in ensemble to show that there is such an internal BIDIRECTIONAL LONGITUDINAL EM WAVE PAIR structure in all EM potentials, fields, and waves -- and in fact MAKING and CREATING the envelopes that we measure and call our "electrodynamics".
The internal EM is far more fundamental than the external EM, and its LONGITUDINAL EM WAVES IN PHASE CONJUGATE PAIRS.
In short, the LWs occur in time-forward and time-reversed MATCHED PAIRS.
He who learns to use and control the LWs learns to use and control both time-forward and time-reversed phenomena, and control all EM and EM interactions as well, in ways we can hardly fathom at present. The longitudinally polarized EM waves also allow one to make time-polarized EM waves, and thus engineer not only matter but also mind as well as mind and matter coupling (as in a living system) etc.
Mind is totally electrodynamic, but the "novel" time-polarized EM indicated by quantum field theory. A couple nations of the world have already extensively weaponized the time-EM domain, but our orthodox scientists are still rather completely in the dark, having not yet even discovered how to make a time-polarized EM wave, much less the discovered the phenomenology of using one.
Here is a very great secret that took me years to find. There is a physical mechanism, which acts upon a mass or charge to GENERATE its flow through time, including its direction of flow through time and also its rate of flow through time. Here's the gist of it in simplified terms:
A charge interacting with more antiphotons than photons will be time-reversed back to a previous state. After all, Dirac predicted the positron -- not as a separate positive charge going forward in time, but as an electron or negative charge going backwards in time.
So "going backwards in time" is not really such a big deal. Note that it is NOT time-travel in the sci-fi sense. For "time-travel" you would have to have you yourself continue to move forward in time normally, while all the rest of the universe was time-reversed back to a previous state. That is not at all what we are talking about.
It is possible to let the rest of the world continue normally, while concentrating antiphotons upon one single object (charge, or even a whole human body as Priore demonstrated) and have the radiated entity time-reversed back to a previous state.
The laws of physics that we state for a FORWARD TIME SITUATION are reversed for a time-reversed situation. E.g., like charges attract in a little zone where more antiphotons than photons are interacting with the charges. This happens, I believe, in cold fusion electrolytes.
Using that, I was able to propose specific new nuclear reactions that generated the alpha particles, the deuterium, and the excess energy. Further, I was able to show consistency (not proof, but the first requirement for proof) with the eerie instrumental anomalies in electrolyte experiments in U.S. Navy facilities at China Lake.
All of that is just to get back into that germanium slab. Contact tip amplification occurs of the normal Poynting component of the energy injected, as well as the unaccounted but present Heaviside component (which is huge, being many orders of magnitude greater than the Poynting component).
So the pulsing injects
1. Amplified accounted energy.
2. Amplified unaccounted energy (which can be taken as a special case of energy from the vacuum, since the Heaviside component is an ORGANIZED local vacuum; the "organization" implies energy a priori.
3. Some transduction between transverse waves and longitudinal waves, which means you “get at” that infolded electrodynamics and not just the “envelope” stuff they taught us in university.
4. The involvement of the "internal" EM in all those complex processes in that slab of germanium, and hence the immediate involvement of nonlinear optical phenomena including the interacting components serving as pumped phase conjugate mirrors and EMITTING AMPLIFIED TIME REVERSED REPLICA WAVES CORRESPONDING TO THE AMPLIFIED INJECTED TRANSVERSE WAVE INPUT (INJECTED "SIGNAL" WAVES IN NONLINEAR OPTICAL TERMS).
There are some other phenomena, such as iterative phase conjugate reflections internally (just call it "internal ping-pong" for short), Anderson-type trapping, and positive feedback, but these are an asymmetrical self-regauging process and thus an energy amplifying process.
But the overall effect one is seeking is the emission of the BACKWARDS-ACTING or TIME-REVERSED energy/power effects.
Once you get negative resistance effects, increasing the load will simply result in increasing the energy flow from the vacuum. Nature pays you to do negentropy, and that's really what "free energy" is all about!
In short, when one sees the current running backwards against the voltage in the output, then one is seeing the envelope of the results of the time-reversal functionings. And that is what underlies what is loosely called "true negative resistance".
You do not have to "move" things with huge velocities, in order to affect the rate of flow of time. It's a process (I discovered it in 1971 at Georgia Tech, and also found that no one wanted to hear about it!) and is also engineerable with some difficulty.
Time is also spatial energy that has been compacted by at least c-squared. So it has at least the "energy density" of mass.
Finally, here's a great secret, astounding in its simplicity. So simple that it easily goes right by one's mind. It deals with entropy and negentropy.
Entropy is the hard way of doing business. By definition, entropy is the growth of disorder in the energy involved in some process or processes. All that "disorder" really means is that one has "lost control" of it. Not a joule of energy has been lost, just the "control" of it.
Entropic energy is regarded as hopeless trash and waste by most scientists. You get it, they say, by doing positive work. Actually they are thinking a little further, where not only did you change the form of the energy, but you "lost control" of the resulting form. That is the real definition of work; you change the form of the energy, and you "lose control" of the new form, in which case you have "made some entropy" so to speak.
The heartbreaking thing is that they have not realized it is largely recoverable if we use and develop the proper negentropic processes! Instead, mostly they just shrug it off and use "equilibrium with losses" reasoning to assume you cannot recover it.
Nature will be happy to give you control of the energy again, if you let her. Indeed, nature likes negentropy, and will pay you for allowing her the conditions to do negentropy in.
So we have the direct connection between "positive work, lose control of energy, entropy". Unconsciously, we were also thinking in "forward time" without explicitly stating it, and often without even realizing it.
When we lose control of pieces of energy, we lose control of pieces of time also, because neither energy nor time occurs independently. They occur in little angular momenta called "quanta" (photons), each comprised of a little piece of time welded to a little piece of energy with no seam in the middle.
About half the scientific literature completely ignores the time component and deals only with the energy, erroneously stating that energy is "quantized" which is false. It is discretized, but not quantized.
If we do not alter the rate of flow of time, the discrete chunks of energy all have the same size, but they are still not "quanta" in the fundamental sense. If we alter the rate of flow of time or the frequency, etc., we alter the discrete chunks of spatial energy.
So when we lose some "quanta", we lose (disorder) the energy parts and also the time parts. In short, we have in nature (but not in our science) an entropy of time as well as an entropy of energy.
Rigorously, we "lose" energy by losing control; we never really "consume" it. Energy cannot be created or destroyed. Every joule back there at the beginning of the universe, is still present. And it does many more joules of work than one joule, because it continues to change form in its interactions with matter and with other energy.
Eerily, the same is true for time, since time is just highly compressed energy.
One of the odd things is that the gravity our scientists have worked out where they disregarded temporal entropy, is incomplete. They certainly have not examined temporal "recovery" or reordering. And so they have run full tilt into huge effects involving the entire universe, which are inexplicable by their present gravitational theory.
In open systems far from equilibrium (steady state), the system does not have to obey the old equilibrium thermodynamics. It is permitted to do some remarkable things, such as
1. Self-organize.
2. Self-oscillate or self-rotate.
3. Output more energy than we ourselves input (the excess is received from the active environment).
4. Power itself and its load (all the energy is received from the active environment).
5. Exhibit negentropy.
Now that is also true with time-energy. So in open systems far from equilibrium, the systems can permissibly:
1. Self-organize time-energy.
2. Self-oscillate temporally.
3. Output more time-energy than is input by the operator (the excess is received from the external environment).
4. Output one kind of time upon a target or "time-energy load", thereby controlling whether the load moves in forward time or reversed time.
5. Exhibit negentropy in time-energy.
None of that is yet in physics, but it is true nonetheless.
Here is the startling thing:
To make ENERGY entropy, you have to "pay" for it by doing positive work (i.e., furnishing input energy which is "dissipated"). So you "brute force" nature to do what you want, but nature makes you pay handsomely for insisting on raping her that way.
To make TIME-ENERGY entropy, you have to "pay" for it by doing positive time-work, which is just time-dilation by another name. Again you "brute force" nature to change the rate of flow of time, but nature makes you pay handsomely for insisting on raping her that way.
To make ENERGY negentropy, you don't have to pay for it at all, since you would do "negative work", which means that nature pays you handsomely by giving you an outflow of energy for free. Nature pays you back handsomely for leading her by the hand and treating her like a lady.
To make TIME-ENERGY negentropy, you don't have to pay for it at all, since you would do "negative time-work", which means that nature pays you handsomely by giving you an outflow of time-energy for free. Again, nature pays you back handsomely for leading her by the hand and treating her like a lady.
In short, we must pay nature if we do entropic work.
Nature pays us if we let her do negentropic work.
The entire trick and attitude one takes is that, since all our science is entropic because we've developed it that way, we must seek to do just the minimum positive work necessary to "tickle" or "trigger" nature to do the time-reversal reactions she so dearly loves. If we do that and succeed, a grateful nature will reward us with all the energy one ever dreamed of.
Now as to that gravity thing that has our scientists bumfuzzled. According to our present theory, as we look out there further into the universe, the force of gravity ought to be slowing things down, so to speak, by attracting them back. Well, just the opposite is observed. Instead, what is seen is that a "negative gravity" effect is operating, to further accelerate the masses in their flight.
What we are actually seeing is the negentropy we have been ignoring in almost all the interactions. Every system is an open system in that it continuously and fiercely interacts with both virtual and observable photons. We have been ignoring much of the antiphoton-induced negentropy that is ongoing in the nucleus (else it would not have a positive charge).
The nucleus of every atom is actually time-reversed anyway, but since we "see" in positive time by the photon interactions with the electron shells, we have to transpose everything into forward time, usually by reversing the spatial vectors.
Again, any positive charge is a negative charge going backwards in time, as seen by the observer.
Anyway, the "weak negentropic gravity" part also exists, and as we get out there further, we see its effects. In short, we see the antigravity that has always been there anyway, but just omitted from our theory.
You see, gravitational energy is "negative" energy, as is well known. So again, antigravity is "positive" energy. So when we see the effects of some additional "positive" energy out there, unaccounted for in the prevailing theory, we probably are looking at the previously unaccounted "positive energy" time-reversed gravitational counterpart we've been neglecting.
Anyway, good luck with the point contact transistors.
I might make one other suggestion. There is a "recombination time" effect in semiconductors also. When there are temporal changes in the vicinity, obviously the recombination time of the semiconductor should be affected.
If someone wishes, a circuit (I believe NASA had a good one some years ago) for measuring recombination time might be useful in detecting the effects of time-energy alterations and indirectly indicate the presence of longitudinal waves, which produce them.